Sunday, April 13, 2008

Self-Reflection & Idiot Responsibility

by Robert Augustus Masters

Self-reflection is not always what it purports to be. First of all, so much depends on who or what is actually doing the reflecting or introspecting -- for example, if our egoic conditioning is running the show, there won’t be much clarity or depth, given the density of the lens. Our conditioning -- whether gross or subtle, superficial or deep, mundane or metaphysical -- will then tend to make the picks; if we identify with it, then we’ll think that we are making the picks, all but oblivious to our case of mistaken identity.

Secondly, even if we are getting a relatively clear read on what’s happening, we may nonetheless frame it in a way that simply reinforces habits in which we are still entrapped -- for example, if we are dependent on others’ approval or are prone to being overly self-critical, this will likely turn our apparent self-reflection into not much more than an exercise in self-deception, laced with self-flagellation.

We may think that we’re taking an honest look at our part in what has happened -- wanting to see what the situation “says” about us -- but in fact are only assigning too much responsibility (and causal agency) to that part, and too little to others. In letting them off the hook too easily, we simply impale ourselves on our good intentions, perhaps acting as if the resulting pain is an inevitable and even justified consequence of our having fallen short.

And, at the same time, we may feel a certain pride in our apparent willingness to take such an unguarded and probably unflattering look at ourselves, when we are in fact doing something very different -- namely, submitting to our conditioning while acting as if we are not. Such is the essence of idiot responsibility, namely the irresponsible practice of assuming and behaving as if we are being responsible when we’really just taking on --and assuming ownership of -- more responsibility than is actually ours; and such “responsibility” is not necessarily just something which we have taken on ourselves, but can also be inculcated in us by esteemed others.

Just as it’s easy to make our relational difficulties mostly about our partner, it’s just as easy to make them mostly about us. It all depends on which way our accusatory finger is pointing. If it’s aimed at us, the odds are that we are female; if it’s not, the odds are that we are male. Why this is so can be partially answered by considering the emotion that’s most often overlooked in psychotherapy and spiritual practice: shame. Shame usually feels so unpleasant, so painfully exposing, so mortifying, that we understandably want to get away from it as quickly as possible. A particularly common way of doing so is to convert our shame into aggression -- just think of how often those who have been shamed in a film redirect their energies into getting even or getting revenge.

But aggression is not always other-directed; it can also be self-directed. Many (mostly men) turn their shame-based aggression onto their partner, finding fault with, for example, her delivery of what she has to say, thereby conveniently framing her as the messed-up one; and many (mostly women) turn their shame-based aggression back onto themselves, casting an overly critical eye on their shortcomings, or on how they might have better put across their position or needs, thereby cutting their partner too much slack.

This tendency to take too much of the responsibility (which frequently gets degraded into blame) for our relational difficulties is rooted in a crushed, deflated, or otherwise disempowered sense of self, in which love-deserving me is largely supplanted by “bad” or “not-good-enough” me. Seeing how messed up we supposedly are reinforces this diminished sense of self, even as we try to make up for it by being “good” -- admitting our screw-ups, holding ourselves accountable for them, and so on, but taking this too far. Yes, what bothers us about our partner may say plenty about us as well -- as when what we don’t like about them is but a projection of what we don’t like about ourself -- but to assume that whatever bothers us about our partner is no more than a reflection of something less than loving in us simply cuts us off from taking needed stands with our partner, leaving us floundering in the excuse-polluted, confrontation-phobic riptides of idiot compassion.

Some may go so far as to assume, in allegiance to the New Age belief that we literally create our reality, that they -- and they alone -- have literally “created” whatever ills or misfortunes come their way, including in relationship. Such a narcissistic view -- me-centered to the extreme, however humbly, and infused with more than a trace of omnipotent fantasy -- not only bypasses the fact that what others around us are doing inevitably impacts and is impacted by what we are doing, but also is shame-inducing, in that it blames us for things over which we may have either no control or less than full control.

If a girl is raped, and we assume that she has “created” it and is therefore responsible for it (thereby saddling her with the dogma of a particularly pernicious variety of idiot responsibility), we are then, however inadvertently, okaying the rape, perhaps even asking (in spiritually sloppy New Age thinking that’s marooned from common sense and real compassion) what lessons she is trying to give herself by having chosen to be thus raped. (In the pantheon of dumb questions, this is a top contender, all wrapped up in its distorted, insensitive, emotionally vacant, and disembodied metaphysics.) If our partner is abusing us, and we choose to view this as having been created by us, then we are just doing time in a me-centered hell, cut off from any intimacy with the intersubjective space co-created by our partner and us, turned away from the no-bullshit forcefulness and consequence-delivering fierce compassion that our partner may actually need.

Just as there is idiot compassion (acting as if being unrelentingly nice and avoiding taking needed stands is somehow an act of genuine caring), idiot humility (making a virtue out of playing small and not excelling), idiot tolerance (politically correct acceptance and force-fed egalitarianism), and idiot understanding (the disembodied assumption that knowledge is synonymous with wisdom), there is idiot responsibility -- holding ourselves (or lettiing ourselves be held) overly accountable, as if doing so is an act of integrity, when in fact all we’re really doing is setting ourselves up for guilt (after all, if we’ve “created” our cancer, and we just can’t get rid of it, we are failing, aren’t we?).

However, we don’t so much create our reality, as we create our experience of our reality. Yes, we can have a tremendous impact in certain areas, hugely effecting and altering our reality, but that does not mean that we brought it into being. This is a tricky area, because sometimes we can have such an effect on our world that it seems as if we have actually formed or created it, as when a deadly disease miraculously disappears from us. How we are, and how we think, feel, and act, has a definite effect on our reality -- as both quantum physics and genuine spiritual practice demonstrate -- but there are so many factors at play, so many causes and causes of causes and so on ad infinitum, that we cannot conclusively really say -- let alone prove -- that we, and we alone, create our reality. To assume otherwise is to ignore the contingent nature of our existence. We not only exist in relationship, but through relationship -- which means, in part, that creativity is not a solitary but an inherently collaborative process.

If we say to those who have cancer that they have created it, and ask them why they would choose to do so, and what lessons they are trying to give themselves through making themselves so ill, we have, among other things, vastly oversimplified how things actually happen -- there are so many factors involved in their having cancer that there’s no way we can view and take into account all of them -- as well as trying to implant in such people the notion that they must have really screwed up somewhere (beyond obvious inner and outer factors, such as their emotional state and diet) to get so sick, forgetting that many great saints have had cancer, regardless of their degree of illumination.

None of this is to say that we ought not to take full responsibility for what we do with our lives, but that we would do best to only take responsibility for what is our part (which, of course, also takes into account its impact on others). To do more may seem noble or generous, but is really just deflated egoity having its time in the sun, no matter how dark the day. Genuine responsibility does not shame or blame, but simply is the capacity or ability to fittingly respond to what is happening, rather than just reacting to it.

Such responsibility does not fall prey to the inappropriate assuming of agency, but rather stabilizes us, grounding us in real integrity and compassion, preparing us for a deeper life, a life of fully embodied, ever accountable awakening to what we truly are. As we thus awaken, we go beyond belief into self-illuminating experience, no longer seducible by hope (nostalgia for the future) and knowledge, entering a domain where self-reflection is no longer self-deflection and where being responsible is not something we do, but naturally are.

- Contributed by Robert Augustus Masters; originally posted on his blog (January 2007)

see also

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.


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This work is licensed under a
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Saturday, March 29, 2008

Levels of Development - Annie McQuade

Despite popular notions that development ends in adolescence, scholars have shown that many adults can and do continue to develop across their entire lifespan. Research has shown, time and again, in various settings, with various populations, across gender and across culture that the human mind develops toward increasing complexity.1 Indeed this research shows that there are patterns or levels of development—from childlike, magical thinking, to complex, non-linear, systems-oriented thinking. At each level the individual begins to think in qualitatively different ways. This process is not about accumulating facts or stories, or what we think about, but a fundamental shift in how we think. Yes, it’s true; it’s possible to grow wiser. As the mind grows toward wisdom it is able to consider and organize various—even competing—perspectives. Different researchers call these increasingly complex and flexible levels of development, this ability to inhabit and organize different perspectives by different names, yet one constant remains true, developmental psychologists agree: development happens.2


Spiral Dynamics is one of those developmental maps, and it studies how and what people value.3 This map points to eight basic stages in value development (I will only discuss seven, as the eighth represents such a very small percentage of the population). These stages develop partly in response to the circumstances the individuals find themselves in. Each stage has potentially healthy and unhealthy manifestations. Just like your body, your mind has healthy and unhealthy ways of relating to the world. The first six stages are called First Tier, and although they each approach their values in qualitatively different ways, all First Tier values have one thing in common: they are marked by the belief that their particular values are the only “right” values.


But after the sixth stage, an interesting shift happens. People jump to what is called Second Tier values. Individuals moving into Second-Tier value structures suddenly come to appreciate the contributions of all preceding levels (particularly in their healthy manifestation). Yet they also retain their right to organize those contributions according to the bigger picture and the circumstances at hand. Second Tier understands that each and every level of development serves a useful, but limited, role in this world. Once an individual has reached Second Tier values, they realize that the “right way” may change depending on the task, the circumstances, and the people involved.


Let’s take a quick look at these levels and I’ll explain a bit about each.


  • Survival/ Beige
  • Security/ Purple
  • Power/ Red
  • Authority/ Blue
  • Progress/ Orange
  • Harmony/ Green
  • Integration/ Yellow


Survival/ Beige


If you function primarily at this level you value survival, and behave in ways to secure your life, maybe even just for one more moment. Examples of this are people under extreme stress or shock and those on the streets, though none of those roles guarantee that you function primarily at this level. If you are reading this you value far more than just surviving, but you can still connect with the feel of this energy. Imagine yourself in Post-Katrina New Orleans, up to your knees in water, with dead animals and cars floating about you. Very quickly you will come to value stealing bread and clean drinking water. If you become aware that your chances for survival are better if you band together with others, and you’re capable of doing so (i.e., not mentally ill) then you may evolve to the next level.


Security/ Purple


If you function primarily from this level you value creating security and satisfying basic needs. Because you still do not understand the mysterious world you find yourself in, you attribute cause and effect to magical powers and spirit forces that are out of your control; forces that must be placated and appeased. Good days are the result of a God in a good mood; bad days are the result of an upset God that lashes out at those that displease him (it is almost always a him). Because you don’t always know what will anger your God or other mysterious forces, you rely on rites, ritual, folklore, and taboos. You may not even fully understand these rites and rituals, but you know that they have worked for your tribe and your ancestors in the past, because you’ve heard of their success and practice through generations of folklore and myths. You could be the mentally ill on the streets, a member of a hunting and gathering tribe, a community voodoo practitioner in Haiti, though none of those roles guarantee that you function primarily at this level.


Power/ Red


If you function primarily at this level you have begun to value your freedom and long to dominate the forces around you, so you may break free of your group’s values and rituals. At this level you now see the world as a jungle in which the strong prevail and the weak submit. The “other” is your adversary, and only by becoming tough, and fiercely independent will you prevail. Impressed with your new found power, you demand respect and attention. Your motto is “me against the world,” or “my way or the highway.” At this level you seek to dominate and control others through sheer will, conquest, and power. A healthy example of you is a child at the stage of the terrible twos. The book Lord of the Flies depicts an unhealthy manifestation of you in the behavior of the shipwrecked boys. You appear in the mafia and street gangs, though none of those roles guarantee that you function primarily at this level.


When given free reign, your impulsiveness and will create a good deal of chaos, because you are self serving and seek to gain all that you can. Coming face to face with the consequences of your values and behavior are what might prompt you to evolve to the next level of development.


Authority/ Blue


When you functioned primarily at Power/Red your motto was “me against the world.” Now that you have evolved to Authority/Blue, your motto is “us versus them.” At this level your needs are again subordinated to the group’s needs. You seek membership and define yourself though others. You have a strong need to be accepted and reject those who do not conform to your group’s norms. As you see it, there are two kinds of people: “insiders” (those who conform to your norms) and “outsiders” (those who do not). You value order and stability and create rules to minimize impulsivity and the chaos it creates.


You value a “higher authority” to lead you—whether that is God, the CEO, or the head of your family. You rely on prophets and scripture (religious or secular) or any inspired authority to give direction and purpose to your life. Healthy examples of you might be found in federal or state regulatory agencies though these roles do not guarantee that you function primarily at this level. You show up as religious fundamentalism of any kind, and in your most unhealthy expression you advocate violence to enforce your interpretation of your “God’s word.”


If you begin to doubt the authority or “scripture” (biblical or otherwise) or encounter experiences and feelings that conflict with your norms, you may evolve to the next level. Usually, if you are brought up by Authority/Blue parents, you'll be warned that you will encounter such evil, conflicting feelings. As Authority/Blue sees it, these conflicting feelings that draw your values into question are not a sign of evolution, but rather a sign of betrayal of more righteous values. Therefore, evolving to the next level is challenging as you fear, even if only temporarily, that you should “stay the course” and remain “true blue.”


Progress/ Orange


Here you again break from the pack, valuing your individuality, as you once did in Red, but you are a little wiser now, and not so impulsive. If you function primarily at this stage you are driven by achievement, goals, competition, status, innovation, independence, and the chance to bring prosperity. Your motto is to “play to win.” You are committed to rationality and usually value the secular (rational) over the sacred (not rational, at least not in your mind). Although you now have the capacity to recognize that other points of view are valid, you still think that your way is the best way.


Typically you are optimistic, self-reliant, and take risks. Healthy expressions of you demand that everyone be granted the same legal protections and fair access to the market place. Liberal capitalism is a great socio-political expression of you. You were present in the rise of the middle class, scientific and technological exploration, the movements to demand equal rights for all before the law, and Wall Street. In your unhealthy manifestations, you can be unethical and greedy, with little regard for others and the future. Perhaps your unhealthy side even made an appearance in the form of the convicted former executives of Enron.


If you find that material wealth, success, and achievement alone can’t buy you happiness or peace of mind, if you develop a hankering for an inner life, or if you grow sensitive to the unmet needs of others, and the have-nots, you may evolve to the next level of development.


Harmony/Green


At this level, you turn toward your inner life and value personal and interpersonal exploration, community, affiliation, sharing, and egalitarianism. You demonstrate concern for others and resist inequality, particularly if the target is less fortunate than you are. You are concerned for others precisely because now you are able to “walk in another person’s shoes.” You take multiple perspectives and see many “right” ways of doing things. This ability to see multiple perspectives represents a giant leap forward for you and is of great value to the human race because it will do us a lot of good in our efforts to understand one another. Your limitation is that if you function primarily at this level you believe that all views are “right,” that no view is better than any other. Yet you still think your way of viewing the world is the best way. This places you in an odd and often unconscious contradiction. If all perspectives are equally “right,” then how come your perspective—that all perspectives are equal—is best? And if all perspectives are equal, at least in theory, you have no real way to judge the superiority of one way over another. As a result, you can suffer from a form of moral relativism. Though you can account for a large variety of perspectives, you have difficulty ranking them, and are often paralyzed by the confusion this creates. You have difficulty ranking because you are innately suspicious of hierarchy. Of course you are suspicious of hierarchy! So many forms of hierarchy throughout history have been unjust. After all, racial oppression and the caste system are a form of hierarchy, and we all know that that kind of hierarchy binds and chains us. But there are some hierarchies that are good (really!). To develop on the inside to the point that you care for and give to others, an internal hierarchy—one that is wise enough to value other perspectives, and empathize with others—is a good hierarchy.


Sometimes you manifest in meetings that require consensus decisions, where little is accomplished because no one can act. Although it is useful to you to hear a wide range of perspectives, even conflicting ones, if you rely on consensus to move forward, you are likely to get bogged down. Healthy examples of you can be witnessed in the recent corporate social responsibility movements, Doctors Without Borders, and self aware societies like Holland—though none of these outer expressions guarantee that you function primarily at this level. In your unhealthy form you may give rise to harsh diversity police or extreme political correctness that outlaws any difference of opinion or language, which is the very thing that you originally stood for.


If you are confronted with moral dilemmas that your relativism can’t resolve (e.g. is it acceptable to stone a woman for adultery because that is what her culture advocates as a “right” perspective?), you may evolve to the next level. You may also evolve to the next level when and if you are overwhelmed by the economic and emotional cost of caring, or if you are confronted by the chaos and disorder that emerges from making decisions by consensus without clear leadership.


Remember that leap in perspective that I spoke of earlier, the one to Second Tier? Well, after Harmony/Green, you no longer exclusively identify with any particular perspective; rather you can integrate multiple perspectives and organize them based on the situation at hand, the circumstances, and the people involved. You can differentiate between the healthy and unhealthy aspects of all your previous manifestations and see the potential contributions of each unique level. You understand that each level, each person, has a part to play, and know how to squeeze the best out of everyone by first acknowledging where they are, and then communicating with them in a way that makes sense to them, without demanding that others think like you do. Now let’s look at the qualities of Second Tier.


Integration/Yellow


At this stage your focus lands squarely on integration, but let’s be clear—this is not merely a sum of previous parts. At Integration/Yellow, you include all the previous levels, and yet transcend them. You see the world as a complex integration of dynamic systems, are able to “get” the larger picture, and integrate various perspectives. You are capable of abstraction and complex pattern recognition. Your motto at this level is “both/and” because you find ways to transcend either/or solutions—which can impress, but will more likely confuse many of those around you who can’t decide whether to admire or fear you. If someone asks you whether we should encourage economic development or save the planet, you will answer, “YES,” because you are capable of integrating what seem like paradoxes to previous levels of development.


You clearly see the limits of the more junior manifestations of you, though you rarely say anything about it, because at this point you are not sure if you are sane—so few around you see the world as you do. Sometimes you wonder whether you are drinking your own KoolAid. Nonetheless you can’t help but see the limits of those more junior levels: of acting exclusively for one’s self interest and following individual impulsivity (Power/Red); the limits of relying on an outside authority (Authority/Blue); that money and science can’t buy happiness, and that achievement and the bottom line in and of itself may create personal emptiness and suffering (Progress/Orange); and that Harmony/Green is often paralyzed by moral relativism, and the inability to take action. But for the first time you can also appreciate the benefits of those junior levels—that Power/Red is a potent energy that can be used for the benefit of the individual or the group in the appropriate context; that Blue/Authority has set down rules that allow society to function (thank God for the rule of law and order!); that Progress/Orange believes in equal rights before the law (Orange wrote the constitution of the United States for goodness sake!), along with laying down amazing scientific, technological, and financial infrastructure that allow for prosperity, good health, and a longer life; that Harmony/Green has sensitized people to the needs of others and desires equality for all human kind, and wants to equalize the playing field.


You are capable of, and indeed downright interested in, integrating multiple systems at multiple scales, and crafting complex, multi-variable approaches to tough challenges. You understand that there are many valid ways to behave and think and there are also legitimate ways to judge and rank perspectives based on the situation at hand. Therefore you are ready to interact with (and enlist) various levels of development. You value flexibility, spontaneity, competence, knowledge, earned power, and are comfortable with uncertainty and paradox. In your healthiest form, you recognize that there are no final solutions, only next steps. Examples of you are few and far between. In fact, experts estimate that only 2 % of the world’s population regularly functions as you do.


Research suggests that development continues beyond Yellow/Integration, but as yet this comprises a minuscule percentage of the population and the data is relatively thin at those developmental altitudes.

1 Gilligan, Carol. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper & Row. Kegan, Robert (1982). The Evolving Self. Harvard University Press; Kegan, Robert (1994). In Over Our Heads: the Mental Demands of Modern Life. Harvard University Press. Susanne Cook-Greuter, A Detailed Description of Nine Action Logics Adapted from Ego Development Theory for the Leadership Development Framework, August 2002 (www.harthillusa.com)


2 Each of these researchers has studied a different aspect of development, a different aspect of the human mind. For example, some have studied cognitive development (Piaget); some have studied moral development (Gilligan, Kohlberg); some have studied ego development (Cook-Greuter); and some have studied the development of values (Wade, Beck & Cowan, Graves, Loevinger). For the purposes of this blog I chose a model (Spiral Dynamics) that is accessible and not overly complicated. This model explores the development of values. Its simplicity allows people to easily grasp the tried and true concepts behind psychological development.


3 Beck and Cowan, 1996. Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership, and change. Blackwell Publishing This text is not meant to serve as an academic primer on development, but rather introduce you to the basic notion that development happens. However, if this stuff really jump starts your scooter, and you want to see some very sound studies then I recommend that you read Susanne Cook-Greuter, Carol Gilligan, Robert Kegan, or Ken Wilber. If you really want to kick the tires then read these experts for the details, arguments, debates, nuances, etc. Like I said, you will find that they all agree that development happens, though they may disagree on the number or name of stages, and the content of those stages.


Written and contributed by Annie McQuade.

see also

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.


Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.

Thursday, March 20, 2008

From Slumber to the Fires of Computation - Kevin Kelly

In this article Kevin Kelly considers the history of the universe from the perspective of a hydrogen atom, and how the flow of energy has evolved from the Big Bang to the present time.

An atom’s brief journey through a technological artifact is a flash of existence unlike anything else in its long life span.

Most hydrogen atoms were born at the beginning of time. They were created in the fires of the big bang and dispersed into the universe as a uniform warm mist. Thereafter each has been on a lonely journey separate from anything material. When a hydrogen atom drifts in the unconsciousness of deep space, it is hardly much more active than the vacuum surrounding it. Time is meaningless without change, and in the vast reaches of space which fill 99,99% of the universe, there is little change.

Galaxy

After billions of years, a hydrogen atom might be swept up by the currents of gravity radiating from a congealing galaxy. With the dimmest hint of time and change it slowly drifts in a steady direction toward other stuff. Another billion years it bumps into the first bit of matter it has ever encountered. After millions of years it meets the second. In time it meets another of its kind, a hydrogen atom. They drift together in mild attraction until eons later they meet an oxygen. Suddenly something weird happens. In a flash of heat they clump together as one water molecule. Maybe they get sucked into the atmosphere circulation of a planet. Under this marriage, they are caught in great cycles of change. Rapidly the atom is carried up, and then rained down into a crowded pool of other jostling atoms. In the company of uncountable numbers of other water molecules they travel this circuit around and around for millions of years, from crammed pools to expansive clouds and back. One day in a stroke of luck a water molecule is captured by a chain of unusually active carbon in one pool. Its path is once again accelerated. It spins round in a simple loop assisting the travel of carbon chains. It enjoys speed, movement and change such as could not be possible in the comatose recesses of space. The carbon chain is stolen by another chain, dissembled many times until the hydrogen finds itself in a cell constantly rearranging its relations and bonds with other molecules. Now it hardly ever stops changing, never stops interacting.

The hydrogen atoms in a human body refresh completely every seven years. Our bodies are fancy buckets whose water runs out the bottom as fast as they are being filled up from the top; while we age we are really a river of very old atoms. The carbons in our bodies were produced in the sun. We are, as Carl Sagan so famously said, made of star dust. But the bulk of our body weight is water, and 2/3 of that is hydrogen. So in fact, we are not star dust, but big bang dust. The bulk of matter in our hands, skin, eyes, and hearts was made at the beginning of time, 14 billion years ago. We are much older than we look.

For the average hydrogen atom in our body, the seven years it spends dashing from one cellular station to another will be the fleetingest glory imaginable. Twelve billion years in inert lassitude, and then a brief wild trip through life’s waters, and then on again to the isolation of space when the planet dies. A blink is too long as an analogy. From the perspective of an atom, any living organism is a tornado which might capture it into its mad frenzy of chaos and order, offering it a once in a 12-billion-year-lifetime fling.

As fast and crazy as a cell is, the rate of energy flowing through technology is even faster. In fact technology is more active in this respect and will give an atom a wilder ride than any other sustainable structure we are currently aware of, such as life, planets, stars and galaxies. For the ultimate trip in 2006, the most sustainable energetic thing in the universe is a computer chip.

How can this be? The power density of a system is measured as the amount of energy flowing through a gram of matter per second. The power density of a star is huge compared to the mild power flows drifting through a nebulous gas cloud in space. But remarkably, the power density of a sun pales to the intense flow of energy and activity present in grass. As intense as the surface of the sun is, its mass is enormous and its lifetime is 10 billion years, so as a whole system, the amount of energy flowing through it per gram per second is less than in a sunflower soaking up that sun’s energy.

Sunflower

A nuclear bomb has a much higher power density than the sun because it is an unsustainable out-of-control flow of energy. The same flame-out applies to well, flames, bombs, supernova and other kinds of explosions. They literally consume themselves with energy. The glory of a star is that it can sustain its brilliant fission for billions of years. But it does so at lower energy flow rate than the sustainable flux that takes place in a nuclear bomb, or a green plant! Rather than a burst of fire, the energy flow in grass yields the cool order of green blades, tawny stalks, and plump seeds ripe with information that can replicate the entire plant. Greater yet is the energy flow within animals, where we can actually feel their energetic waves. They wiggle, pulse, move, and in some cases radiate warmth.

System ------ Power Density (erg/s/g)
-----------------------------------------------
Galaxy - - - - 10^-1
Star - - - 10^0
Earth - - - 10^2
Plants - - - 10^3
Otto engine - - - 10^4
Animal body - - - 10^4
Human brain- --- 10^5
Chevy ----- 10^6
747 ----- 10^7
Jetfighter ----- 10^8
8080 chip-------10^10
Pentium chip ------ 10^11

Still greater is the flow of energy through technology. Measure in joules (or ergs) per gram per second, nothing concentrates energy as much as hi-tech gadgetry. At the far apex of the power density graph is the computer chip – the most energetically active thing in the known universe. It conducts more energy (per second per gram) through its tiny corridors than animals, volcanoes, and the sun. It may be better thought of as a very slow nuclear explosion.

Chipsmall


A 1-megaton nuclear bomb will release 10^17 ergs, which is a lot power. But the total lifetime of that explosion is only a hyper blink of 10^-6 seconds. If you “amortize” a nuclear blast so that it spent its energy over a full second of time instead of microseconds, its power density would be reduced to only 10^11 erg/s/g, which is about as intense as a laptop computer chip. Energy wise, a Pentium chip is just a slow nuclear explosion.

Indeed the incredibly intense flow of energy required by computation is the major constraint in continual acceleration of small size and increased speed we’ve so far gained in silicon computer chips. It is not so much small-scale engineering that is the challenge for future peta-hertz chips as much as it is dispersing the atomic-bomb levels of energy generating in such small places. So much energy is focused so intensely that laptops will simply melt without sophisticated help. MIT quantum computer maven Seth Lloyd performed a calculation to determine the energy needs of the “ultimate laptop” – one that used all the atoms in one tiny nano-cube of material to compute -- and figured it would be like having the big bang in your lap. Yeah, it was efficient, but boy did it wreck the living room.

Because of the ever-increasing power of smaller chips, only the tiniest femo-fraction of the earth’s atoms will be subjected to this fiery experience. A bit of heavy-duty computation here and there will guide the rest of materials. But more and more of the mass of atoms will be incorporated into either living systems or technological ones. Four billion years ago, none of the atoms on earth were cycling through cells. Today the biomass of earth totals 10^15 kilograms. I know of no figures for the total technomass of this planet, but it is certainly expanding. We need only watch the rate of mining and logging to see that more and more atoms are being swept out of their billion-year slumber and channeled into the explosive, dizzy, action-packed, short-lived ride we call the technium.

City Arch

This transfer is the grand story of the cosmos, in which matter everywhere in the universe is steadily hijacked by extropic systems. Over the course of cosmic history atomic particles are gathered by galaxies, combined by stars, cycled by planets, twirled by living cells, and most recently, jiggled and enlivened by technology. These all are self-sustaining systems, with no ends in sight. If one extrapolates, one can imagine that eventually all matter in the universe will someday be touched by these energetic processes at the highest levels of life and technology. According to physicist Freeman Dyson there is sufficient energy and time before the end of the universe for all matter to be encompassed into the intelligent design of technology. Or, as he puts the same thought flipped 180 degrees: there is sufficient energy and time for Mind to expand to fill the entire universe. At that moment, all atoms born at the big bang will have, at least once in their long boring existence, been part of a thought.

- Written by Kevin Kelly; contributed by Arthur Gillard. Originally posted on The Technium on February 24, 2006.



The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.

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Monday, March 17, 2008

Have We Moved Beyond the Age of Gurus? (Ken Wilber transcript)

The following is a transcript of a selection from Kosmic Consciousness, an interview with Ken Wilber conducted by Tami Simon.

Tami Simon: What about the idea that the ages of the gurus are over, and that as meditations come into the Western culture – a democratic culture – that, yes we need meditation mentors, but we don't need these hierarchical gurus that we don't question.

Ken Wilber: Yeah. Well I think…there's a basic ripeness about that, that the time of the gurus is gone in certain ways; but…that doesn't mean that everything about a guru is therefore unnecessary. Most of these great traditions that we're talking about – whether they're Sufis or Christian Contemplative or Zen or Buddhist Tibetan – really came about during the agrarian era, which is really two major technological epochs ago; and the very typical sort of political structure at that time was almost feudalistic. And so, in Tibet for example, a guru wasn't just what we would call the pastor at the local church, or your local rabbi or priest – the guru was often the political leader, the educator, the priest, the rabbi, everything rolled into one, and if the guru said “jump,” you would sort of say, “how high?” I mean, it was just sort of a very, very complex office that a guru was serving. It was entirely appropriate that under those circumstances you would basically offer every aspect of yourself to the guru, and that was part of a very, very complex training that also had a cultural background that supported it – and…under those cultural conditions it wasn't harmful in a way that we today would think of as harmful.

Nowadays, though, in democratic industrial and postindustrial egalitarian societies, that is a fish out of water to put it mildly; and a lot of the turmoil in the first couple of decades that the eastern traditions came into this country is that the gurus and teachers were coming out of these cultures and traditions where the guru was sort of everything – and then you come over here and that doesn't play in America. It's like, “are you kidding me?” We've got this incredibly individualistic, egalitarian culture. At the same time there are parts of it that, there's just no going back. There's a kind of democratic, egalitarian attitude that is going to mark this and most future forms of governance. So what you have to do is sort of scale the guru down, so to speak, in an appropriate way.

What you don't want to do is throw the baby out with the bathwater. And the problem, in this otherwise very necessary scaling down of the guru, is that we've shrunk the guru to really a miniature version of what it's supposed to be. And we want to do that because a real guru or a real teacher threatens our ego; that's basically the whole essence here. And we're not talking about, [at] this point, the guru as some sort of domineering figure that tells you everything you're supposed to do. At some point any form of profound spiritual practice is a real transcendence of self, if you want to find some form of higher kosmic consciousness other than your mere egoic identity; and under those circumstances, the ego does not go gracefully or willingly. And so if you're just sort of hanging out and you're your own spiritual teacher, you're probably not going to go as far as you can on the path – because you just won't endure the torment, the difficulty, the embarrassment, the profound pain of dying to your own separate self and your own separate identity. And under those circumstances, then you want a – by whatever name – spiritual teacher that's going to walk you though that. At some point there is a profound surrendering that goes on – again, it's not a dominating or domineering situation, but it's a profound letting go of your own absolute desire to be in charge, or be in control. That can happen in a spiritual teacher-student relationship in a very profound way.

Obviously there has to be checks and balances about it – there are certain things that you really can't do in those circumstances and they are very similar to the things that you cannot do if you are a psychoanalyst or psychotherapist. It's the same kind of relationship in a sense, and that has to be in place – you're not allowed to have sex with students, you're not allowed to take money in certain ways, you're not allowed to in any way make career choices for them, etc. etc. etc. But there comes a point where there has to be a profound surrendering of the separate self to that greater awareness and greater consciousness; and if a spiritual teacher is living that to you and transmitting that to you in an authentic way, then that's a very important component. That's not just a bunch of spiritual friends walking the path together holding hands! That's somebody who is enlightened and is fundamentally transmitting that enlightenment to you, as a demand, that you yourself awaken to that estate.

So my concern is that in necessarily and appropriately scaling down a guru, that we've scaled him out of existence; and we've replaced him with a kind of feel-good spirituality that lets us all rest in our own egoic self and nobody challenges us. So we have no rankings, no degrees of better or worse, higher or lower, no more enlightened or less enlightened – and then we're all equally unenlightened in a certain sense. Nobody's challenged, nobody's threatened – and nobody's awakened. And so that's the sort of downside of what I call Boomeritis, which is kind of a “mush egalitarianism” that really prevents any form of growth or transcendence or depth of development.
- Kosmic Consciousness, Disk Eight, track 4

This transcript was prepared by Arthur Gillard, and is posted here under fair use guidelines. I highly recommend the Kosmic Consciousness CD set as an entertaining and comprehensive introduction to the work of Ken Wilber.

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.


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Friday, February 29, 2008

Lady in the Water (review by Robert Augustus Masters)

Movie critics generally panned The Fountain," but really trashed Lady in the Water,” M. Night Shyamalan’s latest effort. And they didn’t just trash it, but also castigated Shyamalan for the role he played (a character who is apparently destined to have an enormous impact on humanity) in the film. Perhaps what incensed them the most was that the movie critic in the film was not only a desiccated pedant, but also met an untimely death, scripted of course by Shyamalan, who had received some pretty rough treatment from said critics for his earlier films (other than The Sixth Sense).

If I were to take “Lady in the Water” literally — as the children’s fable it supposedly is — then I’d perhaps be irritated by it, grumbling that Paul Giamatti’s virtuoso performance as the central character, Cleveland Heep, was largely wasted. But the very fact that Shyamalan lays out the tale the way he does — after all, he is a very skilled director — is a clue that more is going on than meets the viewer’s eye. (Hint: It’s more than a fable.) In fact, we are being invited not just to look, but also to look inside our looking. And how many movie critics are inclined to do that? Certainly not the majority.

To me, the entire film is about Cleveland’s interiority — and interiority in general, on both personal and collective (and maybe even transpersonal) scales. His is a badly fragmented psyche, compartmentalized without any awareness that it is compartmentalized. An apart-ment complex that he barely manages to manage.

He is us in our usual state (suffering a case of mistaken identity), made worse by the trauma (his wife and children all murdered) he has suffered and is determined to keep secret. The various elements, mostly disconnected or only superficially linked, that constitute him — as personified by the characters in the film — are not let in on his secret. Only the sea nymph, Story, knows, once she has surfaced and entered his life.

Her surfacing — his surfacing, projected onto her — stirs him up, reacquainting him with his pain and his longing to take care of what is naked and vulnerable in him. Her presence forces him to more deeply encounter those who live in the apartment building which he caretakes — that is, those who live in him. Each has a role to play in helping Story, and Cleveland works hard to pull it all together, trying to clearly identify what each person — each part or piece of him — is meant to do in this endeavor. The fragments of his psyche are not so scattered now, as the first signs of a coming together (and perhaps even an integration) appear, orchestrated by Cleveland. Although he is not particularly skillful, he has the advantage now of an increasing single-mindedness.

The common goal is to serve the needs of Story — the needs of his purity, innocence, and depths — but to effectively do so, he has to leave his comfort zone, dive deep, and meet what opposes the purpose with which he is aligning himself. Several encounters with dark, red-eyed, bristling monsters called scrunts shake him up badly, but still he persists. An unlikely hero, perhaps, but a hero nonetheless, aimed toward wholeness.

He goes for advice to the movie critic — his (and, of course, our) inner critic — and takes it in too uncritically. Only when the critic meets a scrunt and is killed by it (after dryly concluding that he will, no doubt, escape from it just in time, because that’s how these movies go) — and is therefore silenced — does Cleveland really start pulling it all together. Now he can finally hear what he needs to hear.

Nevertheless, Story is dying, and the person supposed to heal her cannot. Cleveland finally realizes that it is his role to heal her, to bring her back to life, so he lays his hands upon her wounds, and lets himself go into the heart of the trauma he has been carrying and hiding in the darker places in the apartment building. He weeps and grieves (and Giamatti does an astonishing job here) with abandon, crying for his loss without any self-consciousness. As he does so, Story is revived. And so is he.

Now Cleveland is no longer so apart from his myriad selves. They all go outside — stepping out of the complex that ordinarily contains (or overcontains) them — and align themselves with what must be done with minimal fuss and maximal cooperation.

As was conveyed earlier, each character can be viewed as part of Cleveland’s psyche. Before Story arrived (or was invited forth, however unwittingly, by him), he took superficial care of each character, keeping them in their place (and role), no matter how odd their behavior. However, once Story entered the scene, he took a deeper look at the residents of his building — thereby getting a better look at his interiority. The characters therein are colorfully varied, mundanely archetypal, all stuck in their identities, mostly disconnected from each other until Cleveland, now truly in touch with Story, brings them more and more together in a common and life-enhancing cause.

Think of your sleep-dreams, and how bizarre, odd, surreal, elusive, or disconnected they can be, and remember that everything in them is literally part of you — and not just the people or the role you play, but also the animals, furniture, plants, things, and even the space in which they all arise. Pretty amazing this is, but not so amazing as our tendency to take it all to be real, instead of recognizing it for what it really is.

Cleveland plays himself in the film, but he is also playing everyone and everything else, just like our dreaming consciousness. The more varied and colorful and bizarre the characters are, the less likely Cleveland is to recognize them as himself in disguise. But when he gets close to his depths and innocence and fragility, he begins to awaken, not enough to fully recognize what is going on, but enough to take fitting action, much like someone who, when being pursued by something in a nightmare, wills himself to turn around and face it, even though he doesn’t know he’s dreaming.

To heal is to make whole. “Lady in the Water” puts this across at a level rarely touched in film, and for this it deserves another, deeper watching. Curl up with the fable, yes, and get cozy beneath your blankets as you would for any good bedtime story (which, naturally, needs a few scary parts), but also keep your eyes open for what underlies the fable, existing between its lines and beyond its metaphors. You won’t be disappointed.

- Contributed by Robert Augustus Masters; originally posted on his blog (May 2007)


see also More Than Entertainment: The Fountain

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.

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Wednesday, February 13, 2008

Chanting

by Arthur Gillard

Why Chant?

We chant to join our voices to the voices of countless seekers, worshipers, mystics, and lovers of life, in every time and in every place, who have shared in sacred song.

We chant to fill our hearts and fill our homes with loving and peaceful vibrations of sound.

We chant because it's fun.

We chant to help the stress and freneticness of our busy lives melt away.

We chant for the sheer joy of letting our God-given voices sing out.

We chant for the heartful communion that we feel with others when we come together in song.

We chant our prayers to God, so that our lives may be graced by more intimate Presence of the One known by so many names.

- from Chanting: Discovering Spirit in Sound, by Robert Gass, p.10

Chanting may be defined as “a short, simple series of syllables or words that are sung or intoned to the same note or a limited range of notes,” but chanting covers an amazingly diverse spectrum of musical expression, and serves many purposes – telling stories, healing or casting out disease (e.g. when used by shamans or ayahuasceros), conveying instructions, inducing trance, quieting the mind, mourning the dead, opening the heart, relaxation, communing with others or for the sheer enjoyment of it.

Chanting is a form of meditation, and may be synergistically combined with other practices. Chanting in groups can be a very powerful bonding and healing experience, fostering feelings of communion. It is also often a form of devotional practice, a heartfelt prayer, as illustrated in the following quote by the 13th century Catholic lay sister Mechtild of Madeburg:

As the Godhead strikes the note,
Humanity sings.
The Holy Spirit is the harpist,
And all the strings must sound
Which are touched in love.

In addition to the spiritual and meditational aspects, chanting has many measurable physiological benefits as well – and may be used for its physical benefit alone. For example, the repetitive nature of chant induces deeper, slower, more rhythmic breathing, and the sound vibrations of chant resonate throughout our bodies in a kind of internal massage. Brainwave patterns are measurably altered, in a way that is correlated with states of relaxation or heightened creative response, and blood pressure and heart rate are lowered. Eastern traditions believe that chanting frees up the vital bodymind energy known as chi, prana, or kundalini, with very positive impacts throughout the body.

Exercise: Simple Chants

The simplest way to try chanting is to play a chant recording and sing along with it. There are many samples available for free on the Internet – see the reference section for some useful links.

Here are two examples:

Om Namah Shiviya (this may be translated as “I bow to Shiva” or “I bow to the god within”) and is one of the most popular chants in the world today. Samples of this chant are available here.

Om Tara Tu Tare Ture Svaha (“Homage to you, Divine Tara, Radiant Mother of Compassion and Great Protector”).

Track one ("Tantric Tara") of Jonathan Goldman's excellent “Trance Tara” CD is an unusual and particularly powerful version of this chant. A sample is available here.


References

1. Robert Gass, Chanting: Discovering Spirit in Sound (New York: Broadway Books, 2000).

2. Robert Gass, Chant: Spirit in Sound (CD companion to above). [This is perhaps the best single introduction to the variety of chant practiced throughout the world.]

3. Jonathan Goldman, Healing Sounds: The Power of Harmonics (Rockport: Element Books, 1992).

4. Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind, and Unlock the Creative Spirit (New York: Avon Books, 1997).

5. For information on icaros, powerful chants used for healing in Ayahuasca ceremonies, including samples you can listen to, go to http://www.biopark.org/peru/icaros.html.

_____

This article was written and contributed by Arthur Gillard.

see also:
Toning
Infinity Hymn

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.


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Saturday, February 9, 2008

Toning

by Arthur Gillard

“Toning is the use of the voice to express sounds for the purpose of release and relief...It is nonverbal sound, relying primarily on vowels, though it may incorporate the use of consonants to create syllables as long as they are not utilized to create coherent meaning. Sighing, moaning, and humming may also be recognized as forms of toning.” - Jonathan Goldman, Healing Sounds

Toning may be simply defined as “to make sound with an elongated vowel for an extended period.” Simple in concept and easy to practice, it is nonetheless a powerful tool which may be used for such diverse purposes as pain relief; releasing emotions; resolving past trauma; balancing the flow of energy in the bodymind and restoring harmony.

At a very basic physiological level, toning facilitates deep breathing because in order to release the sounds, the belly and diaphragm must be expanded; deep breathing slows the heart rate and calms the nervous system and thus promotes deep relaxation. Toning facilitates meditative states of consciousness and is believed by many to help clear energy blockages in the chakra system (energy centers in the subtle body).

Simple forms of toning include moaning and groaning to relieve stress or pain. One can adopt a playful attitude and experiment with making diverse sounds using the freedom of your voice, and optionally incorporating other sound-making practices such as banging drums, gongs, pots and pans, etc. In toning the main “rule” is that the sounds should be devoid of conceptual meaning, otherwise you are chanting or singing – certainly worthy in their own right, but not the same practice.

In the following introductory exercise, don't worry about toning on particular notes, rather take an intuitive approach. When the instructions say to change the note, simply make your voice tone deeper or higher as feels right to you.

Toning Fundamentals Exercise (from Sounds of Healing by Mitchell L. Gaynor, p. 99)

Inhale through your nose. Release your breath through your mouth while making one long sustained sound. When you run out of breath, inhale again through your nose and exhale through your mouth, again making a long sustained sound. Repeat this procedure as often as you like.

You can stand, sit in a cross-legged position on the floor, or sit on a chair. Be sure your spine is straight and your diaphragm and abdomen are unobstructed. If you're standing, imagine that the sound is coming up from your feet. Relax your jaw. When you make a sound, let your jaw hang open.

Tone a vowel on the note of your choice for as long as your breath allows. Repeat several times.

Tone the same sound on a different note.

Tone a syllable on the same note. Repeat several times. (Example: Tone OM, LAM, or HU.)

Tone the same syllable on a different note, and repeat.

Find a syllable-and-note combination that you like, and tone it again and again.


References

1. Mitchell L. Gaynor, M.D., Sounds of Healing

2. Jonathan Goldman, Healing Sounds: The Power of Harmonics

3. Jonathan Goldman, Healing Sounds Instructional CD

4. Linda L. Nielsen, Ph.D, Microtonal Healing: Spirit of the Healing Voice

5. Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect

6. Deborah Van Dyke, Traveling the Sacred Sound Current

7. Simon Heather, The Healing Power of Sound

8. Renee Brodie, The Healing Tones of Crystal Bowls

_____

This article was written and contributed by Arthur Gillard.

see also:
Chanting
Infinity Hymn

The Integral News and Views blog aims to explore accessible and practical integral perspectives for people who are interested in getting beyond fragmented worldviews, who desire intimacy with all that they are, and who wish to help the world, themselves, and others evolve and thrive in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner.


Creative Commons License


This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.